The Process of Coffee Production
Coffee berries and their seeds undergo lots of steps before becoming the roasted coffee we are familiar with.
First, coffee berries are picked, generally by hand. Then, the flesh of the berry is removed, usually by machine, and the seeds, or beans, are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the bean. When the fermentation is finished, the beans are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue. Finally the seeds are dried and sorted and labelled as green coffee beans.
The next step in the process is the roasting of the green coffee.
Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state, and all coffee is roasted before it is consumed. It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted. The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee bean both physically and chemically. The bean decreases in weight as moisture is lost but increases in volume, causing it to become less dense. The density of the bean also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging.
The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the bean reaches 200 °C (392 °F), though different varieties of beans differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates. During roasting, caramelisation occurs as intense heat breaks down starches in the bean, changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, changing the colour of the bean. Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process and may disappear entirely in darker roasts.
During roasting, aromatic oils, acids, and caffeine weaken, changing the flavour; at 205 °C (400 °F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils is caffeol, created at about 200 °C (392 °F), which is largely responsible for coffee’s aroma and flavour.
Depending on the colour of the roasted beans, they will be labelled as light, cinnamon, medium, high, city, full city, French, or Italian roast. Darker roasts are generally smoother, because they have less fibre content and a more sugary flavour. Lighter roasts have more caffeine, resulting in a slight bitterness, and a stronger flavour from aromatic oils and acids destroyed by longer roasting times. A small amount of chaff is produced during roasting from the skin left on the bean after processing. Chaff is usually removed from the beans by air movement, though a small amount is added to dark roast coffees to soak up oils on the beans.
Decaffeination may also be part of the processing that coffee seeds undergo. Seeds are decaffeinated when they are still green. Many methods can remove caffeine from coffee, but all involve either soaking beans in hot water or steaming them, then using a solvent to dissolve caffeine-containing oils. Decaffeination is often done by processing companies, and the extracted caffeine is usually sold to the pharmaceutical industry.
Once roasted, coffee beans must be stored properly to preserve the fresh taste of the bean. Ideal conditions are air-tight and cool. Air, moisture, heat and light are the environmental factors in order of importance to preserving flavour in coffee beans.
Source: wikipedia
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The Preparation of a Cup of Coffee
The first thing that has to happen to produce a cup of coffee with to ground the beans. The important thing to remember is that coffee grounds deteriorate quite fast so it is always best to ground the beans just before you want to use them in order to get the freshest flavour.
The fineness of grind must match the brewing method in order to get the best results. Brewing methods which expose coffee grounds to heated water for longer require a coarser grind than faster brewing methods. If a too fine a ground is used a bitter, harsh taste may results. At the other extreme, an overly coarse grind will produce weak coffee unless more is used.
Coffee may be brewed by several methods:
- Brewing coffee by boiling was the earliest method, Turkish coffee being an example of this method. It is prepared by pounding the beans with a mortar and pestle, then adding the powder to water and bringing it to a boil in a pot called a cezve or, in Greek, a briki. This produces a strong coffee with a layer of foam on the surface.
- Machines such as percolators or filter coffee makers brew coffee by gravity. In a filter coffeemaker hot water drips onto coffee grounds held in a coffee filter made of paper or perforated metal, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while absorbing its oils and essences. Gravity causes the liquid to pass into a carafe or pot while the used coffee grounds are retained in the filter. In a percolator, boiling water is forced into a chamber above a filter by pressure created by boiling. The water then passes downwards through the grounds due to gravity, repeating the process until shut off by an internal timer.
- Cafetiere is a coffee brewing device consisting of a narrow cylindrical jug usually made of glass or clear plastic, with a lid and a “plunger” which fits tightly in the cylinder. The end of the “plunger” has a fine wire or nylon mesh which acts as a filter. Coffee is brewed by placing the coffee and water together in the jug, leaving to brew for a few minutes, then depressing the plunger to push the coffee to the bottom of the jug. Coffee for use in a Cafetiere should be of a consistent, coarse grind. The use of a burr mill grinder gives a more consistent grind than the whirling blade variety. The coffee produced is usually stronger and thicker and has more sediment than filter-brewed coffee.
- Espresso is made with hot water forced, under pressure through a lightly packed matrix (called a puck) of finely ground coffee. It can be served alone but it is also the basis for many coffee drinks. It is one of the strongest tasting forms of coffee regularly consumed, with a distinctive flavour and crema, a layer of emulsified oils in the form of a colloidal foam standing over the liquid. Espresso-based coffee has a wide variety of possible presentations. In its most basic form, it is served alone as a “shot” or in the more watered down style café américano; shot or two of espresso with hot water. The Americano should be served with the espresso shots on top of the hot water to preserve the crema. Milk can be added in various forms to espresso: steamed milk makes a caffè latte, equal parts espresso and milk froth make a cappuccino, and a dollop of hot, foamed milk on top creates a caffè macchiato. What’s your Cup of Coffee? Take a look at how to produce your favourite.
- Instant coffee is dried into soluble powder or freeze dried into granules that can be quickly dissolved in hot water.
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What’s your Cup of Coffee?
Coffee Shops these days have an amazing variety of different types of coffee making it nearly impossible to decide which coffee is best for you. The one common element is that they tend to begin with a shot or two of Espresso.
Here are the main coffee types and how they are made.
- Cappuccino is one of the most popular and is made from one third espresso, one third hot milk and one third frothy milk
- Latte is another “milky” coffee made from a ratio of 1:6 espresso:hot milk
- Macchiato, maybe not so popular, is basically espresso with a little touch of milk
- Con Panne is espresso with a dash of cream
- Mocha is a cup of hot chocolate with a dash of espresso
- Americano is a longer drink of espresso with added hot water
To make the best hot milk and froth for your Cappuccino and Latte you can use any type of milk – full cream, semi-skimmed or skimmed just as long as it’s fresh. It’s the protein in the milk that makes the froth and this diminishes after about 4 days. Always use a stainless-steel jug to do the frothing as it conducts heat better, fill it to just under half full with cold milk and begin frothing. When it’s too hot to touch at the base the froth is ready. Give it a couple of taps to get rid of any bubbles, and then gently spoon the froth onto your espresso for that perfect cappuccino!
These cups of coffee and easily be made at home with either Cappuccino Makers, Espresso Machines or Combi Coffee Makers and there are lots available at high street stores at reasonable prices.
Probably the cheapest method of making coffee, except instant coffee, of course, uses a Cafetiere or a Filter Coffee Machine. Both are simple and cheap machines which use ground coffee, the cafetiere being the most simple as it doesn’t require electricity.
For that special cup of coffee why not try a Bean to Cup Machine which, as the name suggests, uses Coffee Beans.
Relatively new to the market are the Pod Coffee Machines which use pre-packed “pods” of coffee and are barcoded to produce a perfect cup of coffee every time. Again, there are many on the market but one of the most well known is Tassimo which has lots of well known brands of coffee available in pods for use in their machines.
The Health Effects of Coffee
Scientific studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and an array of medical conditions. Most studies are contradictory as to whether coffee has any specific health benefits, and results are similarly conflicting regarding negative effects of coffee consumption.
Coffee appears to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, cirrhosis of the liver and gout. Some health effects are due to the caffeine content of coffee, as the benefits are only observed in those who drink caffeinated coffee, while others appear to be due to other components. For example, the antioxidants in coffee prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.
Coffee’s negative health effects are mostly due to its caffeine content. Research suggests that drinking caffeinated coffee can cause a temporary increase in the stiffening of arterial walls. Excess coffee consumption may lead to a magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesaemia, and may be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Some studies suggest that it may have a mixed effect on short-term memory, by improving it when the information to be recalled is related to the current train of thought, but making it more difficult to recall unrelated information. Nevertheless, the mainstream view of medical experts is that drinking three 236 ml cups of coffee per day (considered average or moderate consumption) does not have significant health risks for adults.
An American scientist Yaser Dorri has recently suggested that coffee beans can restore the appetite after cooking and refresh olfactory receptors. He believes the intense odorants in coffee release the sensory receptors in the nose. This scientist suggests that people can regain their appetite by smelling coffee beans. He has suggested this method to be also used for animals in research institutes.
Source: wikipedia
The Cultivation of Coffee
The Coffea plant is a native of Africa and southern Asia. It belongs to the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants and is an evergreen shrub of up to five meters tall. The leaves are dark green and glossy and it produces clusters of fragrant, white flowers that all bloom at the same time. The subsequent fruit berry green when immature, but ripens. within seven to nine months, to yellow, then crimson, becoming black when it is dried.
Coffee is usually propagated by seed; twenty seeds are planted together in the same hole with about half successfully germinating.
The two main cultivated species of the coffee plant are Coffea canephora and Coffea Arabica. Arabica coffee (from C. arabica) is considered more suitable for drinking than Robusta coffee (from C. canephora); robusta tends to be bitter and have less flavour than arabica. About 75% of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica. However, C. canephora is less susceptible to disease and can be cultivated in environments where C. arabica will not thrive. Robusta coffee also contains about 40-50 percent more caffeine than arabica. For this reason, it is used as an inexpensive substitute for Arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality Robustas are used in some espresso blends to provide a better foam head and to lower the ingredient cost. Other cultivated species include Coffea liberica and Coffea esliaca, believed to be indigenous to Liberia and southern Sudan, respectively.
Most arabica coffee beans originate from either Latin America, eastern Africa, Arabia, or Asia. Robusta coffee beans are grown in western and central Africa, throughout southeast Asia, and to some extent in Brazil. Beans from different countries or regions usually have distinctive characteristics such as flavour, aroma, body, and acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee’s growing region, but also on genetic subspecies (varietals) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as Colombian, Java, or Kona.
The History of Coffee
Coffee use can be traced at least to as early as the 9th century, when it appeared in the highlands of Ethiopia. According to legend, Ethiopian shepherds were the first to observe the influence of the caffeine in coffee beans when the goats appeared to “dance” and to have an increased level of energy after consuming wild coffee berries. The legend names the shepherd “Kaldi.” From Ethiopia, coffee spread to Egypt and Yemen, and by the 15th century, it had reached the rest of the Middle East, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa.
In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten year trip to the Near East: ” A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu. “
From the Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy. The thriving trade between Venice and North Africa, Egypt, and the Middle East brought many goods, including coffee, to the Venetian port.From Venice, it was introduced to the rest of Europe.
Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the “Muslim drink”. The first European coffee house opened in Italy in 1645. The Dutch were the first to import coffee on a large scale, and they were among the first to defy the Arab prohibition on the exportation of plants or unroasted seeds when Pieter van den Broeck smuggled seedlings from Aden into Europe in 1616. The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon. Through the efforts of the British East India Company, coffee became popular in England as well. It was introduced in France in 1657, and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vienna, when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks.
When coffee reached North America during the colonial period, it was initially not as successful as it had been in Europe. During the Revolutionary War, however, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was partly due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants. After the War of 1812, during which Britain temporarily cut off access to tea imports, the Americans’ taste for coffee grew, and high demand during the American Civil War together with advances in brewing technology secured the position of coffee as an everyday commodity in the United States.
Source: wikipedia
